Sunday, January 26, 2020

Disneys Impact on the War

Disneys Impact on the War Disney Goes to War Its the year 1944. Imagine sitting in a Navy Vessel, preparing for an invasion of Normandy, with at least 50 men per boat, no less than 10,000 vessels total. There is barely any elbow room, waves crashing against the sides of the boat, tilting it back and forth as feet become soaked from the water on the floor. Nobody is talking. The only sound that is heard is the occasional vomit of a soldier that is sea sick and the thundering of the ocean that surrounds the vessel. Stomachs twist in knots as fear of life or death fight through ones mind. Some men are holding pictures of loved ones, some are praying, and some are on the verge of tears as memories of their lives flash through their minds. In hope of finding something to keep up the fighting spirits, eyes wander to the characters of Donald Duck and Goofy, the Disney cartoons that have been tattooed on war machines and military uniform sleeves. Envision sitting at home with the family surrounding the television as the same cartoons f lash across the screen to educate the viewers about what they can do to help win the war from home. After watching the same characters that were tattooed on the war machines and military uniform sleeve, they decide that the want to help any way they can to help win the war. Disney serves many meanings to different people and have become of much importance in the war over the Axis Powers of Germany, Italy, and Japan. These cartoons boosted the morale of soldiers in battle, influenced and educated both the public and soldiers about the war. Disney was a major factor in the Allied victory of World War II by the change of their traditional family comedy into political and educational cartoons. Disneys political and educational cartoons during World War II were geared to teach the public and soldiers about the war and how they could contribute to winning it. In order to do this, Disney Studios created many educational short films. Short films such as Seven Wise Dwarfs and The New Spirit promoted buying war bonds to help fund the war. Not only did they make short films but Disney also made childrens books that were used to teach children different ways they can spend their money to help pay for the war that would pay back when the war was over. Disney also made many training films for the soldiers. Some of these films included Education for Death and Reason and Emotion, which were used to show the Allied soldiers that they should lead with reason. Education for Death revolved around the making of a Nazi which tied together with Reason and Emotion because if you were led by emotion, then you were the same as a Nazi, who seemed to have no reason and led with only emotion. Acco rding to the Encyclopedia Online, Disney produced over 400,000 feet of educational war films, most at cost, which was equal to 68 hours of continuous film. In 1943 alone, 204,000 feet of film was produced (1). With this abundance of film, it shows just how dedicated Disney was in trying to help win the war. There were other types of training films that were used to teach the armed forces about different military tactics they could use during battle, which turned out to be extremely important to the new recruits. They were taught a wide range of things from camouflage, to navigational techniques. Not only did Disney teach soldiers and the public about war, but also influenced them in many ways. The cartoons that Disney produced during World War II influenced the public and the soldiers to help however they could to get the war over and done with, with the victory in our hands. Disneys short films, All Together and Donalds Decision, were used to show the public about buying war bonds and how it could help win the war. Many people confessed that after watching the family favorites that they were compelled to buy the items that were being advertised not only because they thought it was an important investment but also because their beloved family films had put in the effort to reach out to the public with ways they could help win the war. Food Will Win the War was a short that was created to teach the public about victory gardens. The film showed the viewers how to create the gardens, the right way to use them, and what they could do with the extra rations. Another short film th at was made to teach the public ways they could help win the war without giving up money is Out of the Frying Pan and into the Firing Line. This short was created specifically for the cooks of a household. They showed the viewers ways they could save their food grease and give it to their local general store that would, in turn, be used during battle for weapons and other small goods. Not only did the films influence the home front, but also influenced the front lines. Disney had at least a thousand requests of unique designs with the family favorite cartoon characters for different military equipment such as aircrafts, tanks, and navy vessels. Baxter says, Most of the designs featured Donald Duck, Pluto, Goofy, and Jiminy Cricket. It is said that we today find it hard to appreciate the way it felt for the soldiers to be represented by Disney, not only because it is a reminder of home, but also because this was a popular thing at home and they went out of their way to show their sup port of the men that risked their lives for their country(1). The influence Disney had over the people was so great that they were proud to have Disney represent them, even in war. Disneys influence was so strong that it could even boost the soldiers morale in war. Disney became a go-to in case the front lines needed a little boost. The propaganda films that were produced at the Disney Studios served as reminders of home and also served as a connection as to what was going on in the war and something the servicemen could relate to it. In the propaganda short, Fall Out Fall In, Donald Duck is featured as an American soldier who is marching for an endless amount of time through miserable conditions. Here Donald is pictured carrying a large army bag that holds the necessities while he marches through deserts, rain storms, snow storms, and long nights without any sleep. When he is finally allowed to sleep, he is told to pitch his tent before he can eat with his fellow comrades, but when pitching the tent, he had extreme difficulties and by the time he gets it, it is night. When he tries to fall asleep he hears snoring, random instrument playing and becomes frustra ted. This work relates to the endurance, patience, and morale these soldiers need to keep going not only for them to survive but also for their families back home and for their country. When soldiers see this film they automatically relate to it because that is what they are doing, and they recognize the struggles Donald is going through. According to Briner, When being reminded by all of these short films, they become eager to get the war over with so they can come home, boosting their morale to help them fight harder and longer(1). The importance it held to them was strong enough make them fight harder and longer. They recognize the difficulties and push through after their relations with the films that serve as morale boosting tools. In conclusion, Disneys service in the war through their political and educational cartoons helped the Allied Forces fight their way to victory over the Axis Powers in World War II. Disneys impact on the United States was so great that it followed soldiers to war. People thought of these cartoons as a connection to home, and they all needed some type of a reminder of home. The families that were left at home would see these images that mimicked what their loved ones were doing in the war and help anyway they possibly could after being taught the right ways to help. Disney has had a bigger impact on our lives than we could ever imagine, big enough, to help us win a war. Works Cited Baxter, John. When Disney Went to War. World War II, 5 February 2015, www.airspacemag.com/multimedia/when-disney-went-war-180954087/. Accessed 26 January 2017. Briner, Lisa. Walt Disney Goes to War. Army Heritage and Education Center, 7 April 2009, www.army.mil/article/19340/Walt_Disney_Goes_to_War/. Accessed 26 January 2017. Lesjak, David. When Disney Went to War. World War II, vol.20, no.5, Sept. 2005, p.22. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=f5hAN+17740568site =ehost.live. Accessed 24 February 2017. Walt Disneys World War II Propaganda Production. World Heritage Encyclopedia. Accessed 5 March 2017.

Saturday, January 18, 2020

Food Chains, Food Web, Ecological Pyramids Essay

In an ecosystem, plants capture the sun’s energy and use it to convert inorganic compounds into energy-rich organic compounds. This process of using the sun’s energy to convert minerals (such as magnesium or nitrogen) in the soil into green leaves, or carrots, or strawberries, is called photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is only the beginning of a chain of energy conversions. There are many types of animals that will eat the products of the photosynthesis process. Examples are deer eating shrub leaves, rabbits eating carrots, or worms eating grass. When these animals eat these plant products, food energy and organic compounds are transferred from the plants to the animals. These animals are in turn eaten by other animals, again transferring energy and organic compounds from one animal to another. Examples would be lions eating zebras, foxes eating rabbits, or birds eating worms. This chain of energy transferring from one species to another can continue several more times, but it eventually ends. It ends with the dead animals that are broken down and used as food or nutrition by bacteria and fungi. As these organisms, referred to as decomposers, feed from the dead animals, they break down the complex organic compounds into simple nutrients. Decomposers play a very important role in this world because they take care of breaking down (cleaning) many dead material. There are more than 100,000 different types of decomposer organisms! These simpler nutrients are returned to the soil and can be used again by plants. The energy transformation chain starts all over again. Producers: Organisms, such as plants, that produce their own food are called autotrophs. The autotrophs, as mentioned before, convert inorganic compounds into organic compounds. They are called producers because all of the species of the ecosystem depend on them. Consumers: All the organisms that can not make their own food (and need producers) are called heterotrophs. In an ecosystem heterotrophs are called consumers because they depend on others. They obtain food by eating other organisms. There are different levels of consumers. Those that feed directly from producers, i.e. organisms that eat plant or plant products are called primary consumers. In the figure above the grasshopper is a primary consumer. Organisms that feed on primary consumers are called secondary consumers. Those who feed on secondary consumers are tertiary consumers. In the figure above the snake acts as a secondary consumer and the hawk as a tertiary consumer. Some organisms, like the squirrel are at different levels. When the squirrel eats acorns or fruits (which are plant product), it is a primary consumer; however, when it eats insects or nestling birds, it is a tertiary consumer. Consumers are also classified depending on what they eat; they can be herbivores, carnivores, omnivores or scavengers. In looking at the previous picture, the concept of food chain looks very simple, but in reality it is more complex. Think about it. How many different animals eat grass? And from the Facts about Red-tailed Hawks page, how many different foods does the hawk eat? One doesn’t find simple independent food chains in an ecosystem, but many interdependent and complex food chains that look more like a web and are therefore called food webs. We described in the previous sections how energy and organic compounds are passed from one trophic level to the next. What was not mentioned is the efficiency of the transfer. In a highly efficient transfer almost all of the energy would be transferred — 80% or more. In a low efficiency transfer very little energy would be transferred — less than 20%. In a typical food chain, not all animals or plants are eaten by the next trophic level. In addition, there are portions or materials (such as beaks, shells, bones, etc.) that are also not eaten. That is why the transfer of matter and energy from one trophic level to the next is not an efficient one. One way to calculate the energy transfer is by measuring or sizing the energy at one trophic level and then at the next. Calorie is a unit of measure used for energy. The energy transfer from one trophic level to the next is about 10%. For example, if there are 10,000 calories at one level, only 1,000 are transferred to the next. This 10% energy and material transfer rule can be depicted with an ecological pyramid that looks like the one below. This pyramid helps one visualize the fact that in an ecological system there need to be many producing organisms at the bottom of the pyramid to be able to sustain just a couple of organisms at the top. In looking at the pyramid, can you guess how much larger the volume of each layer is as compared to the one just above it? Take a guess. It might not look like it but they are close to 10 times larger. A basic pyramid shape often represents a typical food chain or food web. The pyramid represents the decrease in the amount of energy, the number of organisms and the biomass from the producer to the high – order consumer levels. The decrease in the numbers and in the biomass represent the fact that, due to energy loss, fewer organisms can be supported at each successive trophic level. Pyramid of Energy Energy is lost between each link in a food chain. Much of the potential energy at each level never reaches the next level. Where does the energy go as it moves through a food chain? Some of the energy that enters a food chain is used as each organism carries out its life functions (i.e. foraging, metabolic processes, reproduction, predator/prey behavior, etc.). Producers manufacture their own food source directly from sunlight by the process of photosynthesis. In order to carry out life functions, consumers acquire energy through the ‘burning’ or breaking down of food molecules they consume (eat). Thermal energy (heat) is produced as a result of the burning of these food molecules. More than half of the energy from each food molecule is lost as heat. Only about 10% – 20% of energy at each trophic level is available to pass on to the next level. In other words, at each level there is only about 10% available energy to put on new biomass (growth). Pyramid of Numbers The loss of energy at each trophic level also explains why there are usually fewer organisms in each higher trophic level. The total number of plants in a particular area would generally be higher then the number of herbivores that the plants support and the number of herbivores would be higher than the number of higher order carnivores. Pyramid of Biomass Biomass is the total mass of dry organic matter per unit of area. Each higher trophic level contains less biomass than the previous trophic level. Therefore a drawing or graph that represents the amount of biomass at each trophic level would also produce the basic pyramid shape. Biomass is related to the abundance of organisms at each trophic level. Human Impact on Food Chains and Webs Humans have the ability to have a great impact on ecosystems. Living organisms are a significant portion of any ecosystem, therefore any activity that affects an ecosystem is also likely to affect the organisms within that ecosystem. If organisms are affected the food chains webs that the organisms are a part of will also feel the affects.

Thursday, January 9, 2020

The Ultimate Solution for Conclusion Samples Essay You Can Learn About Today

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Wednesday, January 1, 2020

Medieval Half-Timbered Construction

Half-timbering is a way of constructing wood frame structures with the structural timbers exposed. This medieval method of construction is called timber framing. A half-timbered building wears its wood frame on its sleeve, so to speak. The wooden wall framing — studs, cross beams, and braces — are exposed to the outside, and the spaces between the wooden timbers are filled with plaster, brick, or stone. Originally a common type of building method in the 16th century, half-timbering has become decorative and non-structural in designs for todays homes. A good example of a true half-timbered structure from the 16th century is the Tudor-era manor house known as Little Moreton Hall (c. 1550) in Cheshire, United Kingdom.  In the United States, a Tudor-style home is really a Tudor Revival, which simply takes the look of half-timbering instead of exposing the structural wooden beams on the exterior facade or the interior walls. A well-known example of this effect is the  Nathan G. Moore house in Oak Park, Illinois. It is the house Frank Lloyd Wright hated, although the young architect himself designed this traditional Tudor-influenced American manor home in 1895. Why did Wright hate it? Although Tudor Revival was popular, the house that Wright really wanted to work on was his own original design, an experimental modern home that became known as the Prairie Style. His client, however, wanted a traditionally dignified design of the elite. Tudor Revival styles were extremely popular to a certain upper-middle-class sector of the American population from the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Definition The familiar half-timbered was used informally to mean timber-framed construction in the Middle Ages. For economy, cylindrical logs were cut in half, so one log could be used for two (or more) posts. The shaved side was traditionally on the exterior and everyone knew it to be half the timber. The Dictionary of Architecture and Construction defines half-timbered this way: Descriptive of buildings of the 16th and 17th cent. which were built with strong timber foundations, supports, knees, and studs, and whose walls were filled in with plaster or masonry materials such as brick. Construction Method After 1400 A.D., many European houses were masonry on the first floor and half-timbered on the upper floors. This design was originally pragmatic — not only was the first floor seemingly more protected from bands of marauders but like todays foundations a masonry base could well support tall wooden structures. Its a design model that continues with todays revival styles. In the United States, colonists brought these European building methods with them, but the harsh winters made half-timbered construction impractical. The wood expanded and contracted dramatically, and the plaster and masonry filling between the timbers could not keep out cold drafts. Colonial builders began to cover exterior walls with wood clapboards or masonry. The Look Half-timbering was a popular European construction method toward the end of the Middle Ages and into the reign of the Tudors. What we think of as Tudor architecture often has the half-timbered look. Some authors have chosen the word Elizabethan to describe half-timbered structures. Nevertheless, during the late 1800s, it became fashionable to imitate Medieval building techniques. A Tudor Revival house expressed American success, wealth, and dignity. Timbers were applied to exterior wall surfaces as decoration. False half-timbering became a popular type of ornamentation in many nineteenth and twentieth-century house styles, including Queen Anne, Victorian Stick, Swiss Chalet, Medieval Revival (Tudor Revival), and, occasionally, on modern-day Neotraditional houses and commercial buildings. Examples Until the fairly recent invention of rapid transportation, such as the freight train, buildings were constructed with local materials. In areas of the world that are naturally forested, homes made of wood dominated the landscape. Our word timber comes from Germanic words meaning wood and wood structure. Think of yourself in the middle of a land filled with trees — todays Germany, Scandinavia, Great Britain, Switzerland, the mountainous region of Eastern France — and then think about how you can use those trees to build a house for your family. When you cut down each tree, you may yell Timber! to warn people of its impending fall. When you put them together to make a house, you can stack them up horizontally like a log cabin or you can stack them vertically, like a stockade fence. The third way of using wood to construct a house is to build a primitive hut — use the wood to build a frame and then put insulating materials in between the frame. How much and what kinds of material you use will depend on how harsh the weather is where you are building. Throughout Europe, tourists flock to cities and towns that prospered during the Middle Ages. Within the Old Town areas, original half-timbered architecture has been restored and maintained. In France, for example, towns like Strasbourg near the German border and Troyes, about 100 miles southeast of Paris, have wonderful examples of this medieval design. In Germany, Old Town Quedlinburg and the historic town of Goslar are both UNESCO Heritage Site. Remarkably, Goslar is cited not for its medieval architecture but for its mining and water management practices that date back to the Middle Ages. Perhaps most notable to the American tourist are the English towns of Chester and York, two cities in northern England. Despite their Roman origins, York and Chester have a reputation for being  quintessentially British because of the many half-timbered dwellings. Likewise, Shakespeares birthplace and Anne Hathaways Cottage in Stratford-upon-Avon are well-known half-timbered houses in the United Kingdom. The writer William Shakespeare lived from 1564 until 1616, so many of the buildings associated with the famous playwright are half-timbered styles from the Tudor era. Sources Dictionary of Architecture and Construction, Cyril M. Harris, ed., McGraw-Hill, 1975, p. 241Architecture through the Ages by Professor Talbot Hamlin, FAIA, Putnam, Revised 1953American House Styles: A Concise Guide by John Milnes Baker, AIA, Norton, 1994, p. 100